玛瑙也作码瑙、马瑙、马脑等，是玉髓类矿物的一种，经常是混有蛋白石和隐晶质石英的纹带状块体，硬度6.5-7度，比重2.65，色彩相当有层次。有半透明或不透明的。原形态三方晶系。常呈致密块状而形成各种构造，如乳房状、葡萄状、结核状等，常见的为同心圆构造。具有不同颜色构成的玉髓，通常有，绿、红、黄、褐，白等多种颜色。按图案和杂质可分为缟玛瑙、缠丝玛瑙、苔玛瑙、城堡玛瑙等。常用作玩物、观赏物、饰物或玩赏物。古代陪葬物中常可见到成串的玛瑙球。

英文翻译：

Agate is also used as code agate, agate, horse brain, etc. It is a kind of chalcedony mineral. It is often a banded block mixed with opal and cryptocrystalline quartz. The hardness is 6.5-7 degrees, the specific gravity is 2.65, and the color is equivalent. There are layers. There are translucent or opaque. The original form of the trigonal crystal system. It is often dense and massive and forms various structures, such as breast, grape, tuberculosis, etc., and the common structure is concentric. Chalcedony with different colors usually has green, red, yellow, brown, white and other colors. According to patterns and impurities, it can be divided into onyx, silk agate, moss agate, castle agate and so on. Often used as playthings, ornaments, ornaments or play objects. Strings of agate balls are often seen in ancient funerals.

玛瑙种类很多，有象形图纹玛瑙（玛瑙天然图案、玛瑙画面石、象形切片、图纹玛瑙、水草玛瑙、海洋玉髓、风景玛瑙、图案玛瑙、影子玛瑙等总称）、南红玛瑙、战国红玛瑙、冰糖玛瑙、北红玛瑙、绿玛瑙、紫绿玛瑙、盐源玛瑙、缠丝玛瑙、火玛瑙、戈壁玛瑙、葡萄玛瑙、狼血玛瑙、新疆和田玛瑙籽料、虫玛瑙等。

英文翻译：

There are many types of agate, including pictogram agate (natural pattern of agate, agate picture stone, pictogram slice, patterned agate, aquatic agate, marine chalcedony, landscape agate, patterned agate, shadow agate, etc.), southern red agate, warring states red Agate, rock sugar agate, northern red agate, green agate, purple green agate, salt source agate, silk agate, fire agate, gobi agate, grape agate, wolf blood agate, Xinjiang Hetian agate seed, insect agate and so on.

呈不规则块状，近扁圆形、圆柱形（为加工工艺品的多余部分）。红色、橙红色至深红色及乳白色、灰白色。条痕白色。半透明。表面平坦光滑，玻璃光泽；有的较凹凸不平，蜡状光泽。体轻，质硬而脆，易击碎，断面可见到以受力点为圆心的同心圆波纹，似贝壳状。具锋利棱角，可刻划玻璃并留下划痕。无臭，味淡。迅速磨擦不易热。以质坚、色红、透明者为佳。

英文翻译：

Irregular block shape, nearly oblate, cylindrical (excess part for processing crafts). Red, orange-red to dark red and milky white, off-white. Streak white. translucent. The surface is flat and smooth with glass luster; some are uneven and waxy luster. The body is light, hard and brittle, easy to break, and the cross section can be seen as a concentric corrugation with the center of the force point, like a shell. With sharp edges and corners, it can scratch the glass and leave scratches. Odorless, light taste. Quick friction is not easy to heat. The ones with firm quality, red color and transparency are better.

“玛瑙”早期被书写成“马脑”，最早见于后汉安世高所译的《阿那邠邸七子经》一书。南北朝时鸠摩罗什译《妙法莲华经》称：“马脑，梵云遏湿摩揭婆”、“色如马脑，故从彼名”。唐代高僧慧琳著《一切经音义》解释称：“‘阿湿缚’(Asmar-)者，此云‘马’也，‘揭波’者(-garbha)，脑也。”还有说法称，三国时期曹丕同父亲曹操北征乌桓，当地的人进贡玛瑙酒杯一只，曹丕见酒杯红似飞霞，晶莹剔透，便挥笔写下《马脑勒赋》，并在序中说：“马脑，玉属也，出西域，文理交错，有似马脑，故其方人固以名之。或以系颈，或以饰勒。余有斯勒，美而赋之。命陈琳、王粲并作。”

英文翻译：

"Agate" was written as "horse brain" in the early days. It was first seen in the book "An Qiu Di Qi Zi Jing" translated by the post-Han An Shigao. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Hato Morosh translated the "Miao Falian Hua Jing", which said: "Horse brain, Fan Yun curse dampness to expose the mother", "color as horse brain, so from his name." In the Tang Dynasty, the high monk Hui Lin explained "All the Sounds and Meanings of the Scriptures" and explained: "The "As wet bond" (Asmar-), this cloud is also a "horse", and the "garbha" (-garbha), the brain is also. "It is also said that during the Three Kingdoms period Cao Pi and his father Cao Cao went north to Wuhuan. The locals paid tribute to an agate wine glass. Cao Pi saw that the wine glass was red like Feixia and was crystal clear. In the preface, he said: "Horse brains and jade genus also come out of the Western Regions, and they are staggered in literary and scientific concepts, so they are named after horse brains. Or tie the neck, or decorated with le. I have Sile, which is endowed with beauty. Fate Chen Lin and Wang Can concurrently. "

有学者分析认为：说玛瑙出自西域，是因为当时我国所开采者数量有限，大多来自西域、印度、波斯、日本等国的贡品，这些贡品常常是人们认识这种宝贝的重要途径。自佛经传入中国后，翻译人员考虑到“马脑属玉石类”，于是巧妙地译成“玛瑙”。由于佛教传入中国，对中华文化产生深远影响，“琼”和“赤玉”等名字也逐渐被“玛瑙”所替代。此件为民国精品玛瑙手把件，其造型精美纯手工雕刻，表皮包浆自然其皮手把玩油性十足实乃收藏佳品，投资价值巨大。

英文翻译：

Some scholars believe that the agate originated from the Western Region because of the limited number of miners in my country at that time, mostly from tributes from Western Region, India, Persia, Japan and other countries. These tributes are often an important way for people to recognize this treasure. Since the Buddhist scriptures were introduced to China, the translators considered “horse brain belongs to jade”, so they translated it into “agate”. Since Buddhism was introduced into China and had a profound impact on Chinese culture, names such as "Qiong" and "Red Jade" were gradually replaced by "Agate". This piece is a fine agate handle of the Republic of China. Its shape is exquisitely hand-carved. The skin is natural and its leather handle is oily. It is a good collection and the investment value is huge.